Ronald Henry

Assistant Professor

Dr Ronald Henry graduated in medicine at the University of Amsterdam and defended his PhD thesis at the VU Medical Centre also in Amsterdam (at that time separate institutions). He continued his education first at the VU Medical Centre and then at Maastricht UMC+ to become a consultant in the field of internal medicine and focuses amongst others upon diabetology. Next to being an internist, he is also registered in the field of acute medicine.

During his entire career, he has been (and is) involved in clinical epidemiology with a focus on both structural and functional properties of the circulatory system, in particular in relation to glucose metabolism status.

Ronald currently works as a senior staff member at the Department of Internal Medicine and serves as a member of the Maastricht Study managerial board. He supervises several PhD theses and recently received grants from the Diabetes Fund/Eye Fund and the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes.

Ronald is omnivorous in his passion for internal medicine and clinical research.

Department of Internal Medicine
P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht 
PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht
Room number: 5.B2.013
T: +31(0)43 387 15 62
M: +31(0)612 264 281

  • 2016
    • Driessen, J. H. M., Hansen, L., Eriksen, S. A., van Onzenoort, H. A. W., Henry, R. M. A., van den Bergh, J., Abrahamsen, B., Vestergaard, P., & de Vries, F. (2016). The epidemiology of fractures in Denmark in 2011. Osteoporosis International, 27(6), 2017-2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3488-8
    • de Rooij, B. H., van der Berg, J. D., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Schram, M. T., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Schaper, N. C., Dagnelie, P. C., Henry, R. M. A., Kroon, A. A., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Koster, A. (2016). Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Metabolically Healthy versus Unhealthy Obese and Non-Obese Individuals - The Maastricht Study. PLOS ONE, 11(5), Article e0154358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154358
    • van Sloten, T. T., Mitchell, G. F., Sigurdsson, S., van Buchem, M. A., Jonsson, P. V., Garcia, M. E., Harris, T. B., Henry, R. M. A., Levey, A. S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Gudnason, V., & Launer, L. J. (2016). Associations between arterial stiffness, depressive symptoms and cerebral small vessel disease: cross-sectional findings from the AGES-Reykjavik Study. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 41(3), 162-168. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.140334
    • Martens, R., Kooman, J. P., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Dagnelie, P. C., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Koster, A., Kroon, A. A., Leunissen, K. M. L., Nijpels, G., van der Sande, F. M., Schaper, N. C., Sep, S. J. S., Verhey, F. R. J., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Schram, M. T., & Henry, R. M. A. (2016). ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, (MICRO) ALBUMINURIA AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE: THE MAASTRICHT STUDY. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 31(S1), i192. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfw165.25
    • Eussen, S. J. P. M., van Dongen, M., Wijckmans, N., den Biggelaar, L., Elferink, S. J. W. H. O., Singh-Povel, C. M., Schram, M. T., Sep, S. J. S., van der Kallen, C. J., Koster, A., Schaper, N., Henry, R. M. A., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Dagnelie, P. C. (2016). Consumption of dairy foods in relation to impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Maastricht Study. British Journal of Nutrition, 115(8), 1453-1461. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516000313
    • van der Berg, J. D., Stehouwer, C. D., Bosma, H., van der Velde, J. H., Willems, P., Savelberg, H. HCM., Schram, M. T., Sep, S., van der Kallen, C. J., Henry, R. M., Dagnelie, P. C., Schaper, N. C., & Koster, A. (2016). Associations of total amount and patterns of sedentary behaviour with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: The Maastricht Study. Diabetologia, 59(4), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-015-3861-8
    • Kimenai, D. M., Henry, R. M. A., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Dagnelie, P. C., Schram, M. T., Stehouwer, C. D. A., van Suijlen, J. D. E., Niens, M., Bekers, O., Sep, S. J. S., Schaper, N. C., van Dieijen-Visser, M. P., & Meex, S. J. R. (2016). Direct comparison of clinical decision limits for cardiac troponin T and I. Heart, 102(8), 610-616. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308917
    • van Dooren, F., Denollet, J., Verhey, F. R., Stehouwer, C. D., Sep, S., Henry, R., Kremers, S. P. J., Dagnelie, P. C., Schaper, N. C., van der Kallen, C. J., Koster, A., Pouwer, F., & Schram, M. T. (2016). Psychological and personality factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus, presenting the rationale and exploratory results from The Maastricht Study, a population-based cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), Article 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0722-z
    • van Dooren, F., Verhey, F. R. J., Pouwer, F., Schalkwijk, C. G., Sep, S. J. S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Henry, R. M. A., Dagnelie, P. C., Schaper, N. C., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Koster, A., Schram, M. T., & Denollet, J. (2016). Association of Type D personality with increased vulnerability to depression: is there a role for inflammation or endothelial dysfunction? - the Maastricht Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 189, 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.028
    • Potse, M., Lankveld, T. A. R., Zeemering, S., Dagnelie, P. C., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Henry, R. M., Linnenbank, A. C., Kuijpers, N. H. L., & Schotten, U. (2016). P-wave complexity in normal subjects and computer models. Journal of Electrocardiology, 49(4), 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.05.005
  • 2015
    • Driessen, J. H. M., van Onzenoort, H. A. W., Starup-Linde, J., Henry, R., Burden, A. M., Neef, C., van den Bergh, J. P., Vestergaard, P., & de Vries, F. (2015). Use of Glucagon-Like-Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Risk of Fracture as Compared to Use of Other Anti-hyperglycemic Drugs. Calcified Tissue International, 97(5), 506-515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-015-0037-y
    • Wijnands, J. M. A., Boonen, A., van Sloten, T. T., Schram, M. T., Sep, S. J. S., Koster, A., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Henry, R. M. A., Dagnelie, P. C., Stehouwer, C. D. A., van der Linden, S., & Arts, I. C. W. (2015). Association between serum uric acid, aortic, carotid and femoral stiffness among adults aged 40-75 years without and with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Maastricht Study. Journal of Hypertension, 33(8), 1642-1650. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000593
    • Driessen, J. H. M., Henry, R. M. A., van Onzenoort, H. A. W., Lalmohamed, A., Burden, A. M., Prieto-Alhambra, D., Neef, C., Leufkens, H. G. M., & de Vries, F. (2015). Bone Fracture Risk is Not Associated with the Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A Population-Based Cohort Analysis. Calcified Tissue International, 97(2), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-015-9993-5
    • Spauwen, P. J. J., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Verhey, F. R. J., Kohler, S., Sep, S. J. S., Koster, A., Dagnelie, P. C., Henry, R. M. A., Schaper, N. C., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Schram, M. T., Kroon, A. A., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2015). Both Low and High 24-Hour Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Associated With Worse Cognitive Performance in Type 2 Diabetes: The Maastricht Study. Diabetes Care, 38(8), 1473-1480. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2502
    • van Sloten, T. T., Czernichow, S., Houben, A. J., Protogerou, A. D., Henry, R. M., Muris, D. M., Schram, M. T., Sep, S. J., Dagnelie, P. C., van der Kallen, C. J., Schaper, N. C., Blacher, J., Hercberg, S., Levy, B. I., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2015). Association Between Arterial Stiffness and Skin Microvascular Function: The SUVIMAX2 Study and The Maastricht Study. American Journal of Hypertension, 28(7), 868-876. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpu246
    • van Sloten, T. T., Protogerou, A. D., Henry, R. M. A., Schram, M. T., Launer, L. J., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2015). Association between arterial stiffness, cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 53, 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.011
    • van Bussel, B. C. T., Henry, R. M. A., Ferreira, I., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Twisk, J. W. R., Feskens, E. J. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2015). A Healthy Diet is Associated with Less Endothelial Dysfunction and Less Low-Grade Inflammation over a 7-Year Period in Adults at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Nutrition, 145(3), 532-540. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.201236
    • van Bussel, F. C. G., van Bussel, B. C. T., Hoeks, A. P. G., op 't Roodt, J., Henry, R. M. A., Ferreira, I., Vanmolkot, F. H. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Reesink, K. D. (2015). A Control Systems Approach to Quantify Wall Shear Stress Normalization by Flow-Mediated Dilation in the Brachial Artery. PLOS ONE, 10(2), Article e0115977. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115977
    • van Moorsel, D., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Schaper, N. C., Henry, R. M. A., Geelen, C. C., van Rossum, E. F. C., Nijpels, G., 't Hart, L. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Sauerwein, H. P., Dekker, J. M., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Havekes, B. (2015). BclI glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism in relation to cardiovascular variables: the Hoorn and CODAM studies. European Journal of Endocrinology, 173(4), 455-464. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-15-0381
    • Wijnands, J. M. A., Houben, A. J. H. M., Muris, D. M. J., Boonen, A., Schram, M. T., Sep, S. J. S., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Henry, R. M. A., Dagnelie, P. C., van der Linden, S., Schaper, N. C., Arts, I. C. W., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2015). Uric acid and skin microvascular function: the Maastricht study. Journal of Hypertension, 33(8), 1651-1657. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000583
  • 2014
    • Muris, D. M. J., Houben, A. J. H. M., Kroon, A. A., Henry, R. M. A., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Sep, S. J. S., Koster, A., Dagnelie, P. C., Schram, M. T., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2014). Age, waist circumference, and blood pressure are associated with skin microvascular flow motion: The Maastricht Study. Journal of Hypertension, 32(12), 2439-2449. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000348
    • van Sloten, T. T., Henry, R. M. A., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Unger, T., Schram, M. T., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2014). Endothelial Dysfunction Plays a Key Role in Increasing Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes The Hoorn Study. Hypertension, 64(6), 1299-U293. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04221
    • van Sloten, T. T., Schram, M. T., van den Hurk, K., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Henry, R. M. A., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2014). Local Stiffness of the Carotid and Femoral Artery Is Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality The Hoorn Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 63(17), 1739-1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.12.041
    • van Sloten, T. T., Schram, M. T., Adriaanse, M. C., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Teerlink, T., Scheffer, P. G., Pouwer, F., Schalkwijk, C. G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Henry, R. M. A. (2014). Endothelial dysfunction is associated with a greater depressive symptom score in a general elderly population: the Hoorn Study. Psychological Medicine, 44(7), 1403-1416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002043
    • Schram, M. T., Sep, S. J. S., van der Kallen, C. J., Dagnelie, P. C., Koster, A., Schaper, N., Henry, R. M. A., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2014). The Maastricht Study: an extensive phenotyping study on determinants of type 2 diabetes, its complications and its comorbidities. European Journal of Epidemiology, 29(6), 439-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-014-9889-0
    • Beijers, H. J. B. H., Ferreira, I., Bravenboer, B., Henry, R. M. A., Schalkwijk, C. G., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2014). Higher central fat mass and lower peripheral lean mass are independent determinants of endothelial dysfunction in the elderly: The Hoorn study. Atherosclerosis, 233(1), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.002
    • Driessen, J. H. M., van Onzenoort, H. A. W., Henry, R. M. A., Lalmohamed, A., van den Bergh, J. P., Neef, C. K., Leufkens, H. G. M., & de Vries, F. (2014). Use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture. Bone, 68, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.030
    • Joosen, D., Stolk, L., & Henry, R. (2014). A non-fatal intoxication with a high-dose sodium nitrate. BMJ case Reports, 2014, Article cr2014204825. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-204825
  • 2013
    • Reinders, I., van Ballegooijen, A. J., Visser, M., Elshorbagy, A. K., Refsum, H., Henry, R. M. A., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Brouwer, I. A. (2013). Associations of serum n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with echocardiographic measures among older adults: the Hoorn Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(12), 1277-1283. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.167
    • van Bussel, B. C. T., Soedamah Muthu, S. S., Henry, R. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Ferreira, I., Chaturvedi, N., Toeller, M., Fuller, J. H., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2013). Unhealthy dietary patterns associated with inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes: The EURODIAB study. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23(8), 758-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.04.005
    • van Bussel, B. C. T., Ferreira, I., van de Waarenburg, M. P., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Henry, R. M., Feskens, E. J., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2013). Multiple inflammatory biomarker detection in a prospective cohort study: a cross-validation between well-established single-biomarker techniques and an electrochemiluminescense-based multi-array platform.PLOS ONE, 8(3), Article 58576. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058576
    • Esser, D., Oosterink, E., 't Roodt, J. O., Henry, R. M. A., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Muller, M., & Afman, L. A. (2013). Vascular and Inflammatory High Fat Meal Responses in Young Healthy Men; A Discriminative Role of IL-8 Observed in a Randomized Trial. PLOS ONE, 8(2), Article e53474. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053474
    • Knapen, L. M., Dittrich, S. T., de Vries, F., Starup-Linde, J., Vestergaard, P., Henry, R. M. A., Stolk, L. M., Neef, C. K., & Bazelier, M. T. (2013). Use of biguanides and the risk of colorectal cancer: a register-based cohort study. Current Drug Safety, 8(5), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.2174/15680266113136660068
  • 2012
    • Kroon, M. H., Diamant, M., Van Den Hurk, K., Boomsma, F., Alssema, M., Nijpels, G., Kamp, O., Paulus, W. J., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Dekker, J. M., & Henry, R. M. A. (2012). Prospective Associations of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide With Markers of Left Ventricular Function in Individuals With and Without Type 2 Diabetes An 8-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care, 35(12), 2510-2514. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1959
    • van den Hurk, K., Alssema, M., Kamp, O., Henry, R. M., Stehouwer, C. D., Smulders, Y. M., Nijpels, G., Paulus, W. J., & Dekker, J. M. (2012). Independent Associations of Glucose Status and Arterial Stiffness With Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction An 8-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care, 35(6), 1258-1264. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1336
    • van Bussel, B. C. T., Henry, R. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2012). Low-grade inflammation, but not endothelial dysfunction, is associated with greater carotid stiffness in the elderly: the Hoorn Study. Journal of Hypertension, 30(4), 744-752. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328350a487
    • van Ballegooijen, A. J., Snijder, M. B., Visser, M., van den Hurk, K., Kamp, O., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Henry, R. M. A., Paulus, W. J., & Brouwer, I. A. (2012). Vitamin D in Relation to Myocardial Structure and Function after Eight Years of Follow-Up: The Hoorn Study. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 60(1), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1159/000336173
  • 2011
    • Beijers, H. J. B. H., Henry, R. M., Bravenboer, B., Ferreira, I., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2011). Metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic individuals associated with maladaptive carotid remodeling: the Hoorn study. American Journal of Hypertension, 24(4), 429-436. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2010.256
    • van Bussel, B. C. T., Schouten, F., Henry, R. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., de Boer, M. R., Ferreira, I., Smulders, Y. M., Twisk, J. W., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2011). Endothelial Dysfunction and Low-Grade Inflammation Are Associated With Greater Arterial Stiffness Over a 6-Year Period. Hypertension, 58(4), 588-595. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.174557
    • van Bussel, B. C. T., Henry, R. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Ferreira, I., Feskens, E. J., Streppel, M. T., Smulders, Y. M., Twisk, J. W., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2011). Fish consumption in healthy adults is associated with decreased circulating biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation during a 6-year follow-up. Journal of Nutrition, 141(9), 1719-1725. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.139733
    • van Sloten, T. T., Savelberg, H. H., Duimel-Peeters, I. G. M., Meijer, K., Henry, R. M., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Schaper, N. C. (2011). Peripheral neuropathy, decreased muscle strength and obesity are strongly associated with walking in persons with type 2 diabetes without manifest mobility limitations.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 91(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.09.030
  • 2010
    • Van der Zwan, L. P., Teerlink, T., Dekker, J. M., Henry, R. M., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Jakobs, C., Heine, R. J., & Scheffer, P. G. (2010). Plasma myeloperoxidase is inversely associated with endothelium-dependent vasodilation in elderly subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism.Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental, 59(12), 1723-1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.04.012
    • Ketel, I. J., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Henry, R. M., Serne, E. H., Hompes, P., Homburg, R., Smulders, Y. M., & Lambalk, C. B. (2010). Greater arterial stiffness in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an obesity--but not a PCOS-associated phenomenon.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(10), 4566-4575. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0868
    • Van den Hurk, K., Alssema, M., Kamp, O., Henry, R. M., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Diamant, M., Boomsma, F., Heine, R. J., Nijpels, G., Paulus, W. J., & Dekker, J. M. (2010). Slightly elevated B-type natriuretic peptide levels in a non-heart failure range indicate a worse left ventricular diastolic function in individuals with, as compared with individuals without, type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study.European journal of heart failure, 12(9), 958-965. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq119
    • Engelen, L., Ferreira, I., Gaens, K. H. J., Henry, R. M. A., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Heine, R. J., 't Hart, L. M., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Blaak, E. E., Feskens, E. J. M., ten Cate, H., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2010). The association between the-374T/A polymorphism of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts gene and blood pressure and arterial stiffness is modified by glucose metabolism status: the Hoorn and CoDAM studies. Journal of Hypertension, 28(2), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283330931
    • Pilz, S., Henry, R. M., Snijder, M. B., van Dam, R. M., Nijpels, G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Kamp, O., Tomaschitz, A., Pieber, T. R., & Dekker, J. M. (2010). Vitamin D deficiency and myocardial structure and function in older men and women: The Hoorn Study.Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 33(9), 612-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03346658
  • 2009
    • Pilz, S., Henry, R. M., Snijder, M. B., van Dam, R. M., Nijpels, G., Stehouwer, C. D., Tomaschitz, A., Pieber, T. R., & Dekker, J. M. (2009). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D is not Associated with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Older Men and Women. Calcified Tissue International, 84(5), 423-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-009-9238-6
    • Henry, R. M., Ferreira, I., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Scheffer, P. G., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2009). The metabolic syndrome in elderly individuals is associated with greater muscular, but not elastic arterial stiffness, independent of low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistance-The Hoorn Study. Journal of Human Hypertension, 23(11), 718-727. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2009.8
  • 2008
    • Hermans, M. M., Henry, R. M., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Heine, R. J., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2008). Albuminuria, but not estimated glomerular filtration rate, is associated with maladaptive arterial remodeling: the Hoorn Study. Journal of Hypertension, 26(4), 791-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f50066
    • Stehouwer, C. D. A., Henry, R. M. A., & Ferreira, I. (2008). Arterial stiffness in diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: a pathway to cardiovascular disease. Diabetologia, 51(4), 527-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0918-3